Jesus' Birth: Traditional vs. Historical Theories

Despite the familiar Christmas traditions, there is no exact historical record of the specific day or location of Jesus' birth. The Gospels of the New Testament (the primary sources) do not provide a calendar date, and they offer differing accounts of the setting.

Because of this, the answer depends on whether you are asking for the religious tradition or the historical scholarly consensus.

1. The Date of Birth

• Historical Estimate: c. 6 BCE – 4 BCE Most historians place Jesus' birth in this window. This is primarily because the Gospel of Matthew states Jesus was born during the reign of Herod the Great, who died in 4 BCE. If Jesus was born shortly before Herod's death, he would have been born around 6 to 4 BCE.

National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang) ban for an additional 5 years

The Government of India, through the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has declared the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khaplang), commonly known as NSCN(K), as an "unlawful association." The ban was formally extended in September 2025 for an additional five years.

1. The Official Notification

ATSUM as the Primary Political Voice of Hill Tribes

 This article analyses the political evolution of the All Tribal Students’ Union of Manipur (ATSUM) from a student advocacy group into a central constitutional actor in Northeast India’s federal conflicts. Using archival memorandums, constitutional texts, and conflict jurisprudence, the study maps ATSUM’s legal mobilisation against structural marginalisation.

ATSUM memorandum history forms a crucial empirical foundation within Manipur’s broader political evolution. The student-led movement demonstrates how constitutional grievances transitioned from administrative marginalisation in the 1980s to internationalised human rights claims after 2023. The increasing juridification of ATSUM’s demands reveals the maturation of tribal political consciousness within India’s federal system.

Naga and Kuki Political Demands: Feasibility and Obstacles

The political demands of the Naga and Kuki communities in Northeast India are centred on self-determination, territory, and identity, with the government of India seeking a solution within the constitutional framework. The feasibility of these demands is heavily obstructed by competing claims over territory and the reluctance of the Centre to concede on issues of sovereignty.

⛰️ Naga Political Demands and Feasibility

The Naga issue is India's longest-running insurgency, with peace negotiations ongoing for decades, notably since the 1997 ceasefire with the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (Isak-Muivah) or NSCN-IM.

Meitei–Kuki–Naga Relations Before and After Indian Independence

History, Colonial Transformations, Post-Colonial State Formation, and Contemporary Conflict

Abstract

The relationship among the Meitei, Kuki, and Naga communities in Manipur is shaped by pre-colonial political economy, colonial ethnic classification, and post-independence state restructuring. Prior to British intervention, relations were characterised by fluctuating patterns of trade, warfare, tribute, and political subordination between valley-based Meitei kings and surrounding hill tribes. Colonial policies restructured land, identity, and administration, crystallising ethnic boundaries. After India’s independence and Manipur’s merger in 1949, democratic politics, constitutional safeguards, insurgent nationalism, and competing territorial claims transformed earlier socio-political interactions into rigid ethnic contestations. This paper traces these transformations through archival records, colonial ethnography, and post-independence political developments, demonstrating how historical state formation, identity institutionalisation, and development asymmetries culminated in protracted ethnic conflict, including the large-scale violence from 2023 onward.

The Kuki-Zo Political Movement: An Overview

The Kuki–Zo political movement refers to the collective political, cultural, and socio-ethnic aspirations of the Kuki, Zo, Zomi, and related tribes spread across India (Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, Nagaland), Myanmar (Chin State, Sagaing), and Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts).

The movement is rooted in identity, autonomy, security, ethnic rights, and homeland aspirations.

1. Historical Background

a. Pre-colonial & Colonial Period

• Kuki–Zo tribes lived in clan-based chieftainship systems across the Indo–Burma frontier.
• They were never fully under the control of any single kingdom before the British.
• The Anglo-Kuki/Zou War (1917–1919) was a major anti-colonial uprising resisting British rule.
• Colonial administrative boundaries split related tribes across India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh—creating long-term geopolitical and ethnic issues.

Tribal rights and safeguards ensrines in the Indian Constitution

A comprehensive, structured, and exam-ready explanation of Tribal Rights and Safeguards under the Indian Constitution, suitable for UPSC, State PSC, law students, policymakers, and community leaders.

TRIBAL RIGHTS & SAFEGUARDS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

(Scheduled Tribes – Constitutional Protection Framework)

1. CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY BEHIND TRIBAL PROTECTION

The Indian Constitution recognises that Scheduled Tribes (STs) suffered from:

• Historical isolation
• Economic exploitation
• Social discrimination
• Educational backwardness
• Land alienation

Therefore, the Constitution adopts a policy of:

The perspective of the Indian Government on Kuki-Zo Political Aspiration - Claims and Counter Claims

The perspective of the Government of India on the Kuki-Zo political aspiration, particularly the demand for a separate administration or Union Territory (UT) with a legislature in Manipur, can be summarized as follows:

1. Rejection of the Union Territory Demand

No to New UT: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which is conducting talks with the umbrella bodies of Kuki-Zo armed groups (Kuki National Organization or KNO and United People's Front or UPF), has firmly ruled out the demand for the creation of a new Union Territory with a legislative assembly.

Current Policy: The Centre's stated position is that its current policy does not support the creation of new Union Territories.

Persecution of Christians in Nigeria: A Complex and Ongoing Crisis

Historical Context and Roots of Religious Violence

• Religious violence in Nigeria dates back to at least 1953, with tensions between Christian and Muslim communities.
• The 1914 amalgamation of Nigeria combined diverse ethnic and religious groups, intensifying conflicts, especially in the Muslim-majority north and Christian-majority south.
• Introduction of Sharia law in 12 northern states since 1999 has exacerbated religious tensions, with punishments for blasphemy and apostasy disproportionately affecting Christians.

Key Perpetrators: Boko Haram, Fulani Militants, and ISWAP

Chieftainship and Panchayati System: Differentiation

The structured differentiation between the Chieftainship System and the Panchayati System.

1. Basis of Authority

Chieftainship System

·         Authority is hereditary (passed down through lineage or clan).

·         Power is based on custom, tradition, and kinship.

·         Leadership is usually held by one family or clan.